Why generate long serialVersionUID instead of a simple 1L?

Question:

When class implements Serializable in Eclipse, I have two options: add default serialVersionUID(1L) or generated serialVersionUID(3567653491060394677L). I think that first one is cooler, but many times I saw people using the second option. Is there any reason to generate long serialVersionUID?

Answer:

As far as I can tell, that would be only for compatibility with previous releases. This would only be useful if you neglected to use a serialVersionUID before, and then made a change that you know should be compatible but which causes serialization to break.

See the Java Serialization Spec for more details.

You absolutely should create a serialVersionUID every time you define a class that implements java.io.Serializable. If you don't, one will be created for you automatically, but this is bad. The auto-generated serialVersionUID is based on the method signatures of your class, so if you change your class in the future to add a method (for example), deserializing the "old" versions of the class will fail. Here's what can happen:

1. Create the first version of your class, without defining the
serialVersionUID.
  2. Serialize an instance of your class to a persistent store; a
serialVersionUID is automatically generated for you.
  3. Modify your class to add a new method, and redeploy your application.
  4. Attempt to deserialize the instance that was serialized in step 2, but now it fails (when it should succeed), because it has a
different auto-generated serialVersionUID. 

Mystery Spots Explained

We know them by many names but collectively they are known as Mystery Spots because of the mysterious events which often occur in, or near them. Lucky for us their owners love to show them off and visitors are welcome to come in and see the resident "alien vortex," and other strange phenomenon...for a small fee. Mystery Spots are a product of the Great Depression, a time when entertainment was just about the only industry still growing in America. Mystery Spots continue to draw crowds and delight visitors to this day.

Most mystery spots share a basic presentation. You are shown into a special room or small cabin where the strange phenomenon will occur. A friendly guide explains that what you are about to see "lies well-beyond the scope of science." The patter may differ, but the stage is set for some rather astounding optical illusions. You will see balls roll uphill, and water flow briskly up the spout. You will watch as ordinary chairs defy gravity and cling to the wall without support, while fellow visitors stand around in impossible angles.

We can explain how the special effects and optical illusions are produced, however knowing the truth does not lesson the enjoyment of the experience. Rather they are are more fun just because you know. No good optical illusion is ever ruined by the truth.

The effects which you see at a mystery spot are deliberate; driven by spatial distortion and misdirection. They are cunning perspective and spatial illusions designed to boggle the senses, and they work very well.

How It Works. Mystery Spots are cleverly engineered. To construct your own mystery spot, first build a little room or cabin. My little sample below is a squarish room with a chimney.

Next, lift one side of the house until the room tilts about 25°. Some say that the first Mystery House slid down a hill in a rain storm and ended up at the perfect angle. Whereupon the owners noticed strange things happening inside. Personally I think Americans are clever enough to think up the idea with, or without a rain storm.

Important. Hide the fact that the little house is tilted. Place the room along a slope. Bury part of the floor if necessary. Use walls or fences along the approach to cleverly disguise the terrain; slope them the wrong way. The idea here is to distort the architecture, and add landscaping to make it look straight and level to a visitor. Remove as many vertical references as possible, and change the slant of the ceiling to make the room look level. Place purposely distorted objects around to further enhance the effect of normalcy. Everything has to look as normal as possible; as if the room weren't tilted. You are now ready to welcome visitors.

How People Stand at Impossible Angles. We can see what is actually happening from a vantage point outside of the cabin. From our vantage point the people look like they are standing in a normal, upright position..

However, things look different to the people inside the room (right-hand cartoon). They desperately cling to a false notion of normal 3D space, but are deceived by the environment. To people in the room, everybody looks like they are standing at an impossible angle. They see friends defy gravity and walk up walls. People lean effortlessly into space without falling. The "alien vortex" seems to have a powerful enfulence.

How Water Flows Uphill. From our vantage point we see the water flowing normally down a slight incline and spilling naturally from the spout.

Inide the room, things are getting stranger and stranger. To visitors it looks as if gravity is leaking out of the room. They watch in amazement as water flows uphill and pours out of the spout at an eerie, unnatural angle.

Does it matter if you know how it works? Even when you learn the secret behind the effects, they are no less amazing. In a Mystery House environment there are no mirrors or hidden panels; no flashes of light or clouds of smoke; the illusions are in-your-face real, and happening right now; to everyone present. It is an enjoyable and rewarding social experience as everyone present shares the same illusions. Mystery spots are an exciting, and fun excursion into the wonderful world of sensory illusions whether you understand how they work, or not.

Why do we like Mystery Spots? Perhaps because of our total belief and commitment to reality. Like riding a roller coaster; it is fun to lose control for a few brief moments. We like to tease reality, to lose the security of familiar spatial references for a brief time. It is no wonder that many people consider mystery spots to be a premium ticket.

How to Find Them. Here are some names and links to Mystery Houses. This is by no means a complete list. We have found that some mystery spots have their own web sites, and others are featured on city or state portals. Some of the following links may not be active. As an example, a visitor recently reported that the Knott's Berry Farm Haunted Shack is now closed. Call first, just to be sure. Visit a Mystery Spot today!

Confusion Hill Gravity House, Percy, CA; Winchester Mystery House, San Jose, CA; The Mystery Spot
Santa Cruz, CA; Calico Ghost Town Mystery Shack, Yermo, CA; Knott's Berry Farm Haunted Shack,
Buena Park, CA; Spook Hill, Lake Wales, FL; Mystery Spot, St. Ignace, MI; Mystery Hill, Irish Hills, MI;Mysterious Tuttle House, North Woodstock, NH; Mystery Hill, Blowing Rock, NC; Mystery Shack, Maggie Valley, NC; Mystery Hill, Marblehead, OH; The Oregon Vortex House of Mystery, Gold Hill, OR; Confusion Hill, Ligonier, PA; Gravity Hill, Bedford Country, PA; Cosmos of the Black Hills, Rapid City, SD; The Wonder Spot, Lake Delton, WI; The Teton Mystery, Jackson, WY; Mystery Hole, Ansted, WV.

US Constitution

Article One: Legislative Power

United States

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the United States

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Main article: Article One of the United States Constitution

See also: wikisource:Constitution of the United States of America#Article I

Article One describes the Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government. The United States Congress is a bicameral body consisting of two co-equal houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate.

The article establishes the manner of election and the qualifications of members of each body. Representatives must be at least 25 years old, be a citizen of the United States for seven years, and live in the state they represent. Senators must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen for nine years, and live in the state they represent.

Article I, Section 1, reads, "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." This provision gives Congress more than simply the responsibility to establish the rules governing its proceedings and for the punishment of its members; it places the power of the government primarily in Congress.

Article I Section 8 enumerates the legislative powers. The powers listed and all other powers are made the exclusive responsibility of the legislative branch:

The Congress shall have power... To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

Article I Section 9 provides a list of eight specific limits on congressional power and Article I Section 10 limits the rights of the states.

The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause in Article One to allow Congress to enact legislation that is neither expressly listed in the enumerated power nor expressly denied in the limitations on Congress. In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the United States Supreme Court fell back on the strict construction of the necessary and proper clause to read that Congress had "[t]he foregoing powers and all other powers..."

Article Two: Executive power

Main article: Article Two of the United States Constitution

See also: wikisource:Constitution of the United States of America#Article II

Section analysis

Section 1 creates the presidency. The section states that the executive power is vested in a President. The presidential term is four years and the Vice President serves the identical term. This section originally set the method of electing the President and Vice President, but this method has been superseded by the Twelfth Amendment.

• Qualifications. The President must be a natural born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old and a resident of the United States for at least 14 years. An obsolete part of this clause provides that instead of being a natural born citizen, a person may be a citizen at the time of the adoption of the Constitution. The reason for this clause was to extend eligibility to Citizens of the United States at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, regardless of their place of birth, who were born under the allegiance of a foreign sovereign before the founding of the United States. Without this clause, no one would have been eligible to be president until thirty-five years after the founding of the United States.

• Succession. Section 1 specifies that the Vice President succeeds to the presidency if the President is removed, unable to discharge the powers and duties of office, dies while in office, or resigns. The original text ("the same shall devolve") left it unclear whether this succession was intended to be on an acting basis (merely taking on the powers of the office) or permanent (assuming the Presidency itself). After the death of William Henry Harrison, John Tyler set the precedent that the succession was permanent; this practice was followed when later presidents died in office. Today the 25th Amendment states that the Vice President becomes President upon the death or disability of the President.

• Pay. The President receives "Compensation" for being the president, and this compensation may not be increased or decreased during the president's term in office. The president may not receive other compensation from either the United States or any of the individual states.

• Oath of office. The final clause creates the presidential oath to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution.

Section 2 grants substantive powers to the president:

• The president is the Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces, and of the state militias when these are called into federal service.
• The president may require opinions of the principal officers of the federal government.
• The president may grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment (i.e., the president cannot pardon himself or herself to escape impeachment by Congress).

Section 2 grants and limits the president's appointment powers:

• The president may make treaties, with the advice and consent of the Senate, provided two-thirds of the senators who are present agree.
• With the advice and consent of the Senate, the President may appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not otherwise described in the Constitution.
• Congress may give the power to appoint lower officers to the President alone, to the courts, or to the heads of departments.
• The president may make any of these appointments during a congressional recess. Such a "recess appointment" expires at the end of the next session of Congress.

Section 3 opens by describing the president's relations with Congress:

• The president reports on the state of the union.
• The president may convene either house, or both houses, of Congress.
• When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on the time of adjournment, the president may adjourn them to some future date.

Section 3 adds:

• The president receives ambassadors.
• The president sees that the laws are faithfully executed.
• The president commissions all the offices of the federal government.

Section 4 provides for removal of the president and other federal officers. The president is removed on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

Article Three: Judicial power

Main article: Article Three of the United States Constitution

See also: wikisource:Constitution of the United States of America#Article III

Article Three describes the court system (the judicial branch), including the Supreme Court. The article requires that there be one court called the Supreme Court; Congress, at its discretion, can create lower courts, whose judgments and orders are reviewable by the Supreme Court. Article Three also creates the right to trial by jury in all criminal cases, defines the crime of treason, and charges Congress with providing for a punishment for it. This Article also sets the kinds of cases that may be heard by the federal judiciary, which cases the Supreme Court may hear first (called original jurisdiction), and that all other cases heard by the Supreme Court are by appeal under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

Article Four: States' powers and limits

Main article: Article Four of the United States Constitution

See also: wikisource:Constitution of the United States of America#Article IV

Article Four outlines the relation between the states and the relation between the federal government. In addition, it provides for such matters as admitting new states as well as border changes between the states. For instance, it requires states to give "full faith and credit" to the public acts, records, and court proceedings of the other states. Congress is permitted to regulate the manner in which proof of such acts, records, or proceedings may be admitted. The "privileges and immunities" clause prohibits state governments from discriminating against citizens of other states in favor of resident citizens (e.g., having tougher penalties for residents of Ohio convicted of crimes within Michigan). It also establishes extradition between the states, as well as laying down a legal basis for freedom of movement and travel amongst the states. Today, this provision is sometimes taken for granted, especially by citizens who live near state borders; but in the days of the Articles of Confederation, crossing state lines was often a much more arduous and costly process. Article Four also provides for the creation and admission of new states. The Territorial Clause gives Congress the power to make rules for disposing of federal property and governing non-state territories of the United States. Finally, the fourth section of Article Four requires the United States to guarantee to each state a republican form of government, and to protect the states from invasion and violence.

Article Five: Amendments

Main article: Article Five of the United States Constitution

See also: wikisource:Constitution of the United States of America#Article V

An amendment may be ratified in three ways:

• The new amendment may be approved by two-thirds of both houses of Congress, then sent to the states for approval.
• Two-thirds of the state legislatures may apply to Congress for a constitutional convention to consider amendments, which are then sent to the states for approval.
• Congress may require ratification by special convention. The convention method has been used only once, to approve the 21st Amendment (repealing prohibition, 1933).

Regardless of the method of proposing an amendment, final ratification requires approval by three-fourths of the states.

Today Article Five places only one limit on the amending power: no amendment may deprive a state of equal representation in the Senate without that state's consent. The original Article V included other limits on the amending power regarding slavery and taxation; however, these limits expired in 1808.

Article Six: Federal power

Main article: Article Six of the United States Constitution

See also: wikisource:Constitution of the United States of America#Article VI

Article Six establishes the Constitution, and the laws and treaties of the United States made according to it, to be the supreme law of the land, and that "the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the laws or constitutions of any state notwithstanding." It also validates national debt created under the Articles of Confederation and requires that all federal and state legislators, officers, and judges take oaths or affirmations to support the Constitution. This means that the states' constitutions and laws should not conflict with the laws of the federal constitution and that in case of a conflict, state judges are legally bound to honor the federal laws and constitution over those of any state.

Article Six also states "no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States."

Article Seven: Ratification

Main article: Article Seven of the United States Constitution

See also: wikisource:Constitution of the United States of America#Article VII

Article Seven sets forth the requirements for ratification of the Constitution. The Constitution would not take effect until at least nine states had ratified the Constitution in state conventions specially convened for that purpose, and it would only apply to those states that ratified it.^[23] (See above Drafting and ratification requirements.)

List of Amendments to US Constitutions

The Bill of Rights (Amendments 1 to 10)

It is commonly understood that originally the Bill of Rights was not intended to apply to the states; however, there is no such limit in the text itself, except where an amendment refers specifically to the federal government. One example is the First Amendment, which says only that "Congress shall make no law...", and under which some states in the early years of the nation officially established a religion. A rule of inapplicability to the states remained until 1868, when the Fourteenth Amendment was passed, which stated, in part, that:

“

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

”

The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to extend most, but not all, parts of the Bill of Rights to the states, a process known as incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The balance of state and federal power under the incorporation doctrine is still an open question and continues to be fought separately for each right in the federal courts.

The amendments that became the Bill of Rights were the last ten of the twelve amendments proposed in 1789. The second of the twelve proposed amendments, regarding the compensation of members of Congress, remained unratified until 1992, when the legislatures of enough states finally approved it; as a result, after pending for two centuries, it became the Twenty-seventh Amendment.

The first of the twelve, which is still technically pending before the state legislatures for ratification, pertains to the apportionment of the United States House of Representatives after each decennial census. The most recent state whose lawmakers are known to have ratified this proposal is Kentucky in 1792, during that commonwealth's first month of statehood.

• First Amendment: addresses the rights of freedom of religion (prohibiting Congress from establishing a religion and protecting the right to free exercise of religion), freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom of petition.
• Second Amendment: guarantees the right of individuals to possess weapons. The most recent Supreme Court decision interpreting the Second Amendment is McDonald v. Chicago.
• Third Amendment: prohibits the government from using private homes as quarters for soldiers during peacetime without the consent of the owners. The only existing case law directly regarding this amendment is a lower court decision in the case of Engblom v. Carey.^[106] However, it is also cited in the landmark case, Griswold v. Connecticut, in support of the Supreme Court's holding that the constitution protects the right to personal privacy.
• Fourth Amendment: guards against searches, arrests, and seizures of property without a specific warrant or a "probable cause" to believe a crime has been committed. Some rights to privacy have been inferred from this amendment and others by the Supreme Court.
• Fifth Amendment: forbids trial for a major crime except after indictment by a grand jury; prohibits double jeopardy (repeated trials), except in certain very limited circumstances; forbids punishment without due process of law; and provides that an accused person may not be compelled to testify against himself (this is also known as "Taking the Fifth" or "Pleading the Fifth"). This is regarded as the "rights of the accused" amendment, otherwise known as the Miranda rights after the Supreme Court case. It also prohibits government from taking private property for public use without "just compensation", the basis of eminent domain in the United States.
• Sixth Amendment: guarantees a speedy public trial for criminal offenses. It requires trial by a jury, guarantees the right to legal counsel for the accused, and guarantees that the accused may require witnesses to attend the trial and testify in the presence of the accused. It also guarantees the accused a right to know the charges against him. The Sixth Amendment has several court cases associated with it, including Powell v. Alabama, United States v. Wong Kim Ark, Gideon v. Wainwright, and Crawford v. Washington. In 1966, the Supreme Court ruled that the fifth amendment prohibition on forced self-incrimination and the sixth amendment clause on right to counsel were to be made known to all persons placed under arrest, and these clauses have become known as the Miranda rights.
• Seventh Amendment: assures trial by jury in civil cases.
• Eighth Amendment: forbids excessive bail or fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.
• Ninth Amendment: declares that the listing of individual rights in the Constitution and Bill of Rights is not meant to be comprehensive; and that the other rights not specifically mentioned are retained by the people.
• Tenth Amendment: reserves to the states respectively, or to the people, any powers the Constitution did not delegate to the United States, nor prohibit the states from exercising.

Subsequent amendments (11 to 27)

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Additional amendments to the United States Constitution

Amendments to the Constitution after the Bill of Rights cover many subjects. The majority of the seventeen later amendments stem from continued efforts to expand individual civil or political liberties, while a few are concerned with modifying the basic governmental structure drafted in Philadelphia in 1787. Although the United States Constitution has been amended 27 times, only 26 of the amendments are currently in effect because the twenty-first amendment supersedes the eighteenth.

• Eleventh Amendment (1795): Clarifies judicial power over foreign nationals, and limits ability of citizens to sue states in federal courts and under federal law. (Full text)
• Twelfth Amendment (1804): Changes the method of presidential elections so that members of the Electoral College cast separate ballots for president and vice president. (Full text)
• Thirteenth Amendment (1865): Abolishes slavery and authorizes Congress to enforce abolition. (Full text)
• Fourteenth Amendment (1868): Defines a set of guarantees for United States citizenship; prohibits states from abridging citizens' privileges or immunities and rights to due process and the equal protection of the law; repeals the Three-fifths compromise; prohibits repudiation of the federal debt caused by the Civil War. (Full text)
• Fifteenth Amendment (1870): Prohibits the federal government and the states from using a citizen's race, color, or previous status as a slave as a qualification for voting. (Full text)
• Sixteenth Amendment (1913): Authorizes unapportioned federal taxes on income. (Full text)
• Seventeenth Amendment (1913): Converts state election of senators to popular election. (Full text)
• Eighteenth Amendment (1919): Prohibited the manufacturing, importing, and exporting of alcoholic beverages (see Prohibition in the United States). Repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment. (Full text)
• Nineteenth Amendment (1920): Prohibits the federal government and the states from forbidding any citizen to vote due to their sex. (Full text)
• Twentieth Amendment (1933): Changes details of congressional and presidential terms and of presidential succession. (Full text)
• Twenty-first Amendment (1933): Repeals Eighteenth Amendment. Permits states to prohibit the importation of alcoholic beverages. (Full text)
• Twenty-second Amendment (1951): Limits president to two terms. (Full text)
• Twenty-third Amendment (1961): Grants presidential electors to the District of Columbia. (Full text)
• Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964): Prohibits the federal government and the states from requiring the payment of a tax as a qualification for voting for federal officials. (Full text)
• Twenty-fifth Amendment (1967): Changes details of presidential succession, provides for temporary removal of president, and provides for replacement of the vice president. (Full text)
• Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971): Prohibits the federal government and the states from forbidding any citizen of age 18 or greater to vote on account of their age. (Full text)
• Twenty-seventh Amendment (1992): Limits congressional pay raises. (Full text)

List of current United States Senators

State	Class		Name	Party	Prior Experience	Education	First took office	Born
Alabama	3		Richard Shelby	Republican	U.S. House, Alabama Senate	University of Alabama (BA, JD)	1987	1934
Alabama	2		Jeff Sessions	Republican	Alabama Attorney General	Huntingdon College (B.A.), University of Alabama (J.D.)	1997	1946
Alaska	3		Lisa Murkowski	Republican	Alaska House of Representatives	Georgetown University (B.A.), Willamette University (J.D.)	2002	1957
Alaska	2		Mark Begich	Democratic	Mayor of Anchorage	University of Alaska Anchorage (attended)	2009	1962
Arizona	3		John McCain	Republican	U.S. House, U.S. Navy Captain	United States Naval Academy[1]	1987	1936
Arizona	1		Jon Kyl	Republican	U.S. House	University of Arizona (BA, JD)	1995	1942
Arkansas	2		Mark Pryor	Democratic	Arkansas House of Representatives, Arkansas Attorney General	University of Arkansas (BA, JD)	2003	1963
Arkansas	3		John Boozman	Republican	U.S. House	University of Arkansas, Southern College of Optometry	2011	1950
California	1		Dianne Feinstein	Democratic	Mayor of San Francisco, San Francisco Board of Supervisors	Stanford University (B.A.)	1992	1933
California	3		Barbara Boxer	Democratic	U.S. House, Marin County Board of Supervisors	Brooklyn College (B.A.)	1993	1940
Colorado	2		Mark Udall	Democratic	U.S. House, Colorado House of Representatives	Williams College	2009	1950
Colorado	3		Michael Bennet	Democratic	Denver Public Schools Superintendent	Wesleyan University (B.A.), Yale Law School	2009	1964
Connecticut	1		Joe Lieberman	Independent Democratic	Connecticut Senate, Connecticut Attorney General	Yale University (BA, LLB)	1989	1942
Connecticut	3		Richard Blumenthal	Democratic	Connecticut Attorney General, Connecticut Senate, Connecticut House of Representatives	Harvard College, Trinity College, Cambridge, Yale Law School	2011	1946
Delaware	1		Tom Carper	Democratic	Governor, U.S. House, Delaware Treasurer, U.S. Navy Captain	Ohio State University, University of Delaware	2001	1947
Delaware	2		Chris Coons	Democratic	County Executive of New Castle County	Amherst College (B.A.), Yale University (J.D., M.A.R)	2010	1963
Florida	1		Bill Nelson	Democratic	U.S. House, State Treasurer	Yale University (B.A.), University of Virginia (J.D.)	2001	1942
Florida	3		Marco Rubio	Republican	Florida House of Representatives	University of Florida (B.A.), University of Miami (J.D.)	2011	1971
Georgia	2		Saxby Chambliss	Republican	U.S. House	University of Georgia (B.B.A.), University of Tennessee (J.D.)	2003	1943
Georgia	3		Johnny Isakson	Republican	Georgia House of Representatives, Georgia Senate, U.S. House	University of Georgia (B.B.A.)	2005	1944
Hawaii	3		Daniel Inouye	Democratic	U.S. Army Captain, U.S. House	University of Hawaii, George Washington University (B.A., J.D.)	1963	1924
Hawaii	1		Daniel Akaka	Democratic	Director of the Hawaii Office of Economic Opportunity, Director of the Progressive Neighborhoods Program, U.S. House	University of Hawaii (BA, M.Ed.)	1990	1924
Idaho	3		Mike Crapo	Republican	U.S. House, Idaho Senate	Brigham Young University (B.A.), Harvard Law School	1999	1951
Idaho	2		Jim Risch	Republican	Governor of Idaho, Lieutenant Governor of Idaho, Idaho Senate, Ada County Prosecuting Attorney	University of Idaho (B.S., J.D.)	2009	1943
Illinois	2		Dick Durbin	Democratic	U.S. House	Georgetown University (BS, JD)	1997	1944
Illinois	3		Mark Kirk	Republican	U.S. House	Cornell University, London School of Economics, Georgetown University Law Center	2010	1959
Indiana	1		Richard Lugar	Republican	Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners, Mayor of Indianapolis	Denison University, University of Oxford	1977	1932
Indiana	3		Dan Coats	Republican	U.S. House,U.S. Senate, Class 3, U.S. Ambassador to Germany	Wheaton College (B.A.), Indiana University-Indianapolis (J.D.)	2011	1943
Iowa	3		Chuck Grassley	Republican	U.S. House, Iowa House of Representatives	University of Northern Iowa (BA, MA)	1981	1933
Iowa	2		Tom Harkin	Democratic	U.S. House	Iowa State University (B.A.), The Catholic University of America (J.D.)	1985	1939
Kansas	2		Pat Roberts	Republican	U.S. House	Kansas State University (B.A.)	1997	1936
Kansas	3		Jerry Moran	Republican	U.S. House	University of Kansas	2011	1954
Kentucky	2		Mitch McConnell	Republican	Jefferson County Executive	University of Louisville (B.A.), University of Kentucky (J.D.)	1985	1942
Kentucky	3		Rand Paul	Republican	Physician	Duke University School of Medicine, Baylor University	2011	1963
Louisiana	2		Mary Landrieu	Democratic	Louisiana House of Representatives, Louisiana State Treasurer	Louisiana State University	1997	1955
Louisiana	3		David Vitter	Republican	Louisiana House of Representatives, U.S. House	Harvard University, Oxford University, Tulane University	2005	1961
Maine	1		Olympia Snowe	Republican	U.S. House, Maine Senate, Maine House of Representatives, First Lady of Maine	University of Maine (B.A.)	1995	1947
Maine	2		Susan Collins	Republican	Commissioner of the Maine Department of Professional and Financial Regulation	St. Lawrence University (B.A.)	1997	1952
Maryland	3		Barbara Mikulski	Democratic	U.S. House, Baltimore City Council	Mount Saint Agnes College (B.A.), University of Maryland (M.S.W.)	1987	1936
Maryland	1		Ben Cardin	Democratic	U.S. House, Maryland House of Delegates	University of Pittsburgh (B.A.), University of Maryland (J.D.)	2007	1943
Massachusetts	2		John Kerry	Democratic	Lieutenant Governor	Yale University (B.A.), Boston College (J.D.)	1985	1943
Massachusetts	1		Scott Brown	Republican	Property Assessor of Wrentham, Massachusetts, Wrentham Board of Selectmen, Massachusetts Senate, Army National Guard	Tufts University (B.A.), Boston College Law School	2010	1959
Michigan	2		Carl Levin	Democratic	Detroit City Council	Swarthmore College, Harvard Law School	1979	1934
Michigan	1		Debbie Stabenow	Democratic	U.S. House, Michigan Senate, Michigan House of Representatives, Ingham County Board of Commissioners	Michigan State University (BA, MSW)	2001	1950
Minnesota	1		Amy Klobuchar	Democratic-Farmer-Labor	Hennepin County Attorney	Yale University, University of Chicago	2007	1960
Minnesota	2		Al Franken	Democratic-Farmer-Labor	Comedian, actor, author, screenwriter, political commentator, and radio host	Harvard University	2009	1951
Mississippi	2		Thad Cochran	Republican	U.S. House	University of Mississippi (BA, JD)	1979	1937
Mississippi	1		Roger Wicker	Republican	Mississippi State Senate, U.S. House	University of Mississippi (BA, JD)	2007	1951
Missouri	1		Claire McCaskill	Democratic	State Auditor, Missouri House of Representatives, Jackson County Prosecutor	University of Missouri (BS, JD)	2007	1953
Missouri	3		Roy Blunt	Republican	U.S. House	Southwest Baptist University, Southwest Missouri State University	2011	1950
Montana	2		Max Baucus	Democratic	U.S. House	Stanford University (BS, LLB)	1979	1941
Montana	1		Jon Tester	Democratic	Montana Senate President	University of Great Falls	2007	1956
Nebraska	1		Ben Nelson	Democratic	Governor	University of Nebraska (BA, MA, JD)	2001	1941
Nebraska	2		Mike Johanns	Republican	Governor, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, Mayor of Lincoln Lancaster County Board	Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, Creighton University	2009	1950
Nevada	3		Harry Reid	Democratic	U.S. House, Lieutenant Governor, Nevada Assembly	Southern Utah University, Utah State University, George Washington University	1987	1939
Nevada	1		Dean Heller	Republican	U.S. House, Nevada Secretary of State, Nevada Assembly	University of Southern California	2011	1960
New Hampshire	2		Jeanne Shaheen	Democratic	Governor, New Hampshire Senate	Shippensburg University, University of Mississippi	2009	1947
New Hampshire	3		Kelly Ayotte	Republican	New Hampshire Attorney General	Pennsylvania State University, Villanova University School of Law	2011	1968
New Jersey	2		Frank Lautenberg	Democratic	U.S. Army, executive commissioner of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, U.S. Senate, Class 1	Columbia University	2003	1924
New Jersey	1		Bob Menendez	Democratic	U.S. House, New Jersey Senate, New Jersey General Assembly, Mayor of Union City	Saint Peter's College, Rutgers University	2006	1954
New Mexico	1		Jeff Bingaman	Democratic	New Mexico Attorney General	Harvard University, Stanford University	1983	1943
New Mexico	2		Tom Udall	Democratic	U.S. House, New Mexico Attorney General	Prescott College, Cambridge University (J.D.), University of New Mexico School of Law	2009	1948
New York	3		Chuck Schumer	Democratic	U.S. House, New York State Assembly	Harvard University (BA, JD)	1999	1950
New York	1		Kirsten Gillibrand	Democratic	U.S. House	Dartmouth College, University of California, Los Angeles	2009	1966
North Carolina	3		Richard Burr	Republican	U.S. House	Wake Forest University	2005	1955
North Carolina	2		Kay Hagan	Democratic	North Carolina Senate	Florida State University, Wake Forest University	2009	1953
North Dakota	1		Kent Conrad	Democratic-NPL	North Dakota State Tax Commissioner	Stanford University, George Washington University	1987	1948
North Dakota	3		John Hoeven	Republican	Governor of North Dakota	Dartmouth College, Northwestern University	2011	1957
Ohio	1		Sherrod Brown	Democratic	U.S. House, Ohio Secretary of State	Yale University, Ohio State University	2007	1952
Ohio	3		Rob Portman	Republican	U.S. House, United States Trade Representative, Director of the Office of Management and Budget	Dartmouth College, University of Michigan Law School	2011	1955
Oklahoma	2		Jim Inhofe	Republican	U.S. House, Oklahoma Senate, Oklahoma House of Representatives, Mayor of Tulsa	University of Tulsa	1995	1934
Oklahoma	3		Tom Coburn	Republican	U.S. House, Physician	Oklahoma State University, University of Oklahoma	2005	1948
Oregon	3		Ron Wyden	Democratic	U.S. House	Stanford University, University of Oregon	1996	1949
Oregon	2		Jeff Merkley	Democratic	Oregon House Speaker	Stanford University (B.A.), Princeton University (M.P.P.)	2009	1956
Pennsylvania	1		Bob Casey, Jr.	Democratic	Pennsylvania Treasurer, Pennsylvania Auditor General	College of the Holy Cross, The Catholic University of America	2007	1960
Pennsylvania	3		Pat Toomey	Republican	U.S. House	Harvard University	2011	1961
Rhode Island	2		Jack Reed	Democratic	U.S. House, Rhode Island Senate	United States Military Academy, Harvard University	1997	1949
Rhode Island	1		Sheldon Whitehouse	Democratic	Rhode Island Attorney General	Yale University, University of Virginia	2007	1955
South Carolina	2		Lindsey Graham	Republican	U.S. House	University of South Carolina (BA, JD)	2003	1955
South Carolina	3		Jim DeMint	Republican	U.S. House	University of Tennessee, Clemson University	2005	1951
South Dakota	2		Tim Johnson	Democratic	U.S. House	University of South Dakota (BA, MPA, JD)	1997	1946
South Dakota	3		John Thune	Republican	U.S. House	Biola University, University of South Dakota	2005	1961
Tennessee	2		Lamar Alexander	Republican	Governor, U.S. Secretary of Education	Vanderbilt University, New York University	2003	1940
Tennessee	1		Bob Corker	Republican	Mayor of Chattanooga	University of Tennessee	2007	1952
Texas	1		Kay Bailey Hutchison	Republican	Texas State Treasurer	University of Texas (BA, JD)	1993	1943
Texas	2		John Cornyn	Republican	Texas Attorney General	Trinity University, St. Mary's University School of Law, University of Virginia	2003	1952
Utah	1		Orrin Hatch	Republican	Attorney	Brigham Young University, University of Pittsburgh	1977	1934
Utah	3		Mike Lee	Republican	Attorney	Brigham Young University	2011	1971
Vermont	3		Patrick Leahy	Democratic	Chittenden County State's Attorney	Saint Michael's College, Georgetown University	1975	1940
Vermont	1		Bernie Sanders	Independent	U.S. House, Mayor of Burlington	Brooklyn College, University of Chicago	2007	1941
Virginia	1		Jim Webb	Democratic	U.S. Secretary of the Navy	United States Naval Academy, University of Southern California, Georgetown University	2007	1946
Virginia	2		Mark Warner	Democratic	Governor	George Washington University, Harvard University	2009	1954
Washington	3		Patty Murray	Democratic	Washington Senate	Washington State University	1993	1950
Washington	1		Maria Cantwell	Democratic	U.S. House, Washington House of Representatives	Miami University	2001	1958
West Virginia	2		Jay Rockefeller	Democratic	Governor, West Virginia Secretary of State, West Virginia House of Delegates	Harvard University	1985	1937
West Virginia	1		Joe Manchin	Democratic	Governor, West Virginia Secretary of State	West Virginia University	2010	1947
Wisconsin	1		Herb Kohl	Democratic	Businessman, Wisconsin Democratic Party chairman	University of Wisconsin–Madison, Harvard Law School	1989	1935
Wisconsin	3		Ron Johnson	Republican	Businessman	University of Minnesota	2011	1955
Wyoming	2		Mike Enzi	Republican	Wyoming Senate, Wyoming House of Representatives, Mayor of Gillette	George Washington University, University of Denver	1997	1944
Wyoming	1		John Barrasso	Republican	Wyoming Senate	Georgetown University (BS, MD)	2007	1952