Monday, October 31, 2011

Why generate long serialVersionUID instead of a simple 1L?

Question:


When class implements Serializable in Eclipse, I have two options: add default serialVersionUID(1L) or generated serialVersionUID(3567653491060394677L). I think that first one is cooler, but many times I saw people using the second option. Is there any reason to generate long serialVersionUID?

Answer:

As far as I can tell, that would be only for compatibility with previous releases. This would only be useful if you neglected to use a serialVersionUID before, and then made a change that you know should be compatible but which causes serialization to break.

See the Java Serialization Spec for more details.

You absolutely should create a serialVersionUID every time you define a class that implements java.io.Serializable. If you don't, one will be created for you automatically, but this is bad. The auto-generated serialVersionUID is based on the method signatures of your class, so if you change your class in the future to add a method (for example), deserializing the "old" versions of the class will fail. Here's what can happen:

1. Create the first version of your class, without defining the
serialVersionUID
.
2. Serialize an instance of your class to a persistent store; a
serialVersionUID is automatically generated
for you.
3. Modify your class to add a new method, and redeploy your application.
4. Attempt to deserialize the instance that was serialized in step 2, but now it fails (when it should succeed), because it has a
different
auto-generated serialVersionUID.

Saturday, October 29, 2011

Mystery Spots Explained

We know them by many names but collectively they are known as Mystery Spots because of the mysterious events which often occur in, or near them. Lucky for us their owners love to show them off and visitors are welcome to come in and see the resident "alien vortex," and other strange phenomenon...for a small fee. Mystery Spots are a product of the Great Depression, a time when entertainment was just about the only industry still growing in America. Mystery Spots continue to draw crowds and delight visitors to this day.

Most mystery spots share a basic presentation. You are shown into a special room or small cabin where the strange phenomenon will occur. A friendly guide explains that what you are about to see "lies well-beyond the scope of science." The patter may differ, but the stage is set for some rather astounding optical illusions. You will see balls roll uphill, and water flow briskly up the spout. You will watch as ordinary chairs defy gravity and cling to the wall without support, while fellow visitors stand around in impossible angles.

We can explain how the special effects and optical illusions are produced, however knowing the truth does not lesson the enjoyment of the experience. Rather they are are more fun just because you know. No good optical illusion is ever ruined by the truth.

The effects which you see at a mystery spot are deliberate; driven by spatial distortion and misdirection. They are cunning perspective and spatial illusions designed to boggle the senses, and they work very well.

How It Works. Mystery Spots are cleverly engineered. To construct your own mystery spot, first build a little room or cabin. My little sample below is a squarish room with a chimney.

Next, lift one side of the house until the room tilts about 25°. Some say that the first Mystery House slid down a hill in a rain storm and ended up at the perfect angle. Whereupon the owners noticed strange things happening inside. Personally I think Americans are clever enough to think up the idea with, or without a rain storm.

Important. Hide the fact that the little house is tilted. Place the room along a slope. Bury part of the floor if necessary. Use walls or fences along the approach to cleverly disguise the terrain; slope them the wrong way. The idea here is to distort the architecture, and add landscaping to make it look straight and level to a visitor. Remove as many vertical references as possible, and change the slant of the ceiling to make the room look level. Place purposely distorted objects around to further enhance the effect of normalcy. Everything has to look as normal as possible; as if the room weren't tilted. You are now ready to welcome visitors.

How People Stand at Impossible Angles. We can see what is actually happening from a vantage point outside of the cabin. From our vantage point the people look like they are standing in a normal, upright position..

However, things look different to the people inside the room (right-hand cartoon). They desperately cling to a false notion of normal 3D space, but are deceived by the environment. To people in the room, everybody looks like they are standing at an impossible angle. They see friends defy gravity and walk up walls. People lean effortlessly into space without falling. The "alien vortex" seems to have a powerful enfulence.

Normal ViewHow Water Flows Uphill. From our vantage point we see the water flowing normally down a slight incline and spilling naturally from the spout.

Inide the room, things are getting stranger and stranger. To visitors it looks as if gravity is leaking out of the room. They watch in amazement as water flows uphill and pours out of the spout at an eerie, unnatural angle.


Does it matter if you know how it works? Even when you learn the secret behind the effects, they are no less amazing. In a Mystery House environment there are no mirrors or hidden panels; no flashes of light or clouds of smoke; the illusions are in-your-face real, and happening right now; to everyone present. It is an enjoyable and rewarding social experience as everyone present shares the same illusions. Mystery spots are an exciting, and fun excursion into the wonderful world of sensory illusions whether you understand how they work, or not.

Why do we like Mystery Spots? Perhaps because of our total belief and commitment to reality. Like riding a roller coaster; it is fun to lose control for a few brief moments. We like to tease reality, to lose the security of familiar spatial references for a brief time. It is no wonder that many people consider mystery spots to be a premium ticket.

How to Find Them. Here are some names and links to Mystery Houses. This is by no means a complete list. We have found that some mystery spots have their own web sites, and others are featured on city or state portals. Some of the following links may not be active. As an example, a visitor recently reported that the Knott's Berry Farm Haunted Shack is now closed. Call first, just to be sure. Visit a Mystery Spot today!

Confusion Hill Gravity House, Percy, CA; Winchester Mystery House, San Jose, CA; The Mystery Spot
Santa Cruz, CA; Calico Ghost Town Mystery Shack, Yermo, CA; Knott's Berry Farm Haunted Shack,
Buena Park, CA; Spook Hill, Lake Wales, FL; Mystery Spot, St. Ignace, MI; Mystery Hill, Irish Hills, MI;Mysterious Tuttle House, North Woodstock, NH; Mystery Hill, Blowing Rock, NC; Mystery Shack, Maggie Valley, NC; Mystery Hill, Marblehead, OH; The Oregon Vortex House of Mystery, Gold Hill, OR; Confusion Hill, Ligonier, PA; Gravity Hill, Bedford Country, PA; Cosmos of the Black Hills, Rapid City, SD; The Wonder Spot, Lake Delton, WI; The Teton Mystery, Jackson, WY; Mystery Hole, Ansted, WV.

Friday, October 14, 2011

US Constitution

Article One: Legislative Power

United States

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
the United States



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Article One describes the Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government. The United States Congress is a bicameral body consisting of two co-equal houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate.

The article establishes the manner of election and the qualifications of members of each body. Representatives must be at least 25 years old, be a citizen of the United States for seven years, and live in the state they represent. Senators must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen for nine years, and live in the state they represent.

Article I, Section 1, reads, "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." This provision gives Congress more than simply the responsibility to establish the rules governing its proceedings and for the punishment of its members; it places the power of the government primarily in Congress.

Article I Section 8 enumerates the legislative powers. The powers listed and all other powers are made the exclusive responsibility of the legislative branch:

The Congress shall have power... To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

Article I Section 9 provides a list of eight specific limits on congressional power and Article I Section 10 limits the rights of the states.

The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause in Article One to allow Congress to enact legislation that is neither expressly listed in the enumerated power nor expressly denied in the limitations on Congress. In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the United States Supreme Court fell back on the strict construction of the necessary and proper clause to read that Congress had "[t]he foregoing powers and all other powers..."

Article Two: Executive power

Section analysis

Section 1 creates the presidency. The section states that the executive power is vested in a President. The presidential term is four years and the Vice President serves the identical term. This section originally set the method of electing the President and Vice President, but this method has been superseded by the Twelfth Amendment.

  • Qualifications. The President must be a natural born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old and a resident of the United States for at least 14 years. An obsolete part of this clause provides that instead of being a natural born citizen, a person may be a citizen at the time of the adoption of the Constitution. The reason for this clause was to extend eligibility to Citizens of the United States at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, regardless of their place of birth, who were born under the allegiance of a foreign sovereign before the founding of the United States. Without this clause, no one would have been eligible to be president until thirty-five years after the founding of the United States.
  • Succession. Section 1 specifies that the Vice President succeeds to the presidency if the President is removed, unable to discharge the powers and duties of office, dies while in office, or resigns. The original text ("the same shall devolve") left it unclear whether this succession was intended to be on an acting basis (merely taking on the powers of the office) or permanent (assuming the Presidency itself). After the death of William Henry Harrison, John Tyler set the precedent that the succession was permanent; this practice was followed when later presidents died in office. Today the 25th Amendment states that the Vice President becomes President upon the death or disability of the President.
  • Pay. The President receives "Compensation" for being the president, and this compensation may not be increased or decreased during the president's term in office. The president may not receive other compensation from either the United States or any of the individual states.
  • Oath of office. The final clause creates the presidential oath to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution.

Section 2 grants substantive powers to the president:

  • The president is the Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces, and of the state militias when these are called into federal service.
  • The president may require opinions of the principal officers of the federal government.
  • The president may grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment (i.e., the president cannot pardon himself or herself to escape impeachment by Congress).

Section 2 grants and limits the president's appointment powers:

  • The president may make treaties, with the advice and consent of the Senate, provided two-thirds of the senators who are present agree.
  • With the advice and consent of the Senate, the President may appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not otherwise described in the Constitution.
  • Congress may give the power to appoint lower officers to the President alone, to the courts, or to the heads of departments.
  • The president may make any of these appointments during a congressional recess. Such a "recess appointment" expires at the end of the next session of Congress.

Section 3 opens by describing the president's relations with Congress:

  • The president reports on the state of the union.
  • The president may convene either house, or both houses, of Congress.
  • When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on the time of adjournment, the president may adjourn them to some future date.

Section 3 adds:

  • The president receives ambassadors.
  • The president sees that the laws are faithfully executed.
  • The president commissions all the offices of the federal government.

Section 4 provides for removal of the president and other federal officers. The president is removed on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

Article Three: Judicial power

Article Three describes the court system (the judicial branch), including the Supreme Court. The article requires that there be one court called the Supreme Court; Congress, at its discretion, can create lower courts, whose judgments and orders are reviewable by the Supreme Court. Article Three also creates the right to trial by jury in all criminal cases, defines the crime of treason, and charges Congress with providing for a punishment for it. This Article also sets the kinds of cases that may be heard by the federal judiciary, which cases the Supreme Court may hear first (called original jurisdiction), and that all other cases heard by the Supreme Court are by appeal under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

Article Four: States' powers and limits

Article Four outlines the relation between the states and the relation between the federal government. In addition, it provides for such matters as admitting new states as well as border changes between the states. For instance, it requires states to give "full faith and credit" to the public acts, records, and court proceedings of the other states. Congress is permitted to regulate the manner in which proof of such acts, records, or proceedings may be admitted. The "privileges and immunities" clause prohibits state governments from discriminating against citizens of other states in favor of resident citizens (e.g., having tougher penalties for residents of Ohio convicted of crimes within Michigan). It also establishes extradition between the states, as well as laying down a legal basis for freedom of movement and travel amongst the states. Today, this provision is sometimes taken for granted, especially by citizens who live near state borders; but in the days of the Articles of Confederation, crossing state lines was often a much more arduous and costly process. Article Four also provides for the creation and admission of new states. The Territorial Clause gives Congress the power to make rules for disposing of federal property and governing non-state territories of the United States. Finally, the fourth section of Article Four requires the United States to guarantee to each state a republican form of government, and to protect the states from invasion and violence.

Article Five: Amendments

An amendment may be ratified in three ways:

  • The new amendment may be approved by two-thirds of both houses of Congress, then sent to the states for approval.
  • Two-thirds of the state legislatures may apply to Congress for a constitutional convention to consider amendments, which are then sent to the states for approval.
  • Congress may require ratification by special convention. The convention method has been used only once, to approve the 21st Amendment (repealing prohibition, 1933).

Regardless of the method of proposing an amendment, final ratification requires approval by three-fourths of the states.

Today Article Five places only one limit on the amending power: no amendment may deprive a state of equal representation in the Senate without that state's consent. The original Article V included other limits on the amending power regarding slavery and taxation; however, these limits expired in 1808.

Article Six: Federal power

Article Six establishes the Constitution, and the laws and treaties of the United States made according to it, to be the supreme law of the land, and that "the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the laws or constitutions of any state notwithstanding." It also validates national debt created under the Articles of Confederation and requires that all federal and state legislators, officers, and judges take oaths or affirmations to support the Constitution. This means that the states' constitutions and laws should not conflict with the laws of the federal constitution and that in case of a conflict, state judges are legally bound to honor the federal laws and constitution over those of any state.

Article Six also states "no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States."

Article Seven: Ratification

Article Seven sets forth the requirements for ratification of the Constitution. The Constitution would not take effect until at least nine states had ratified the Constitution in state conventions specially convened for that purpose, and it would only apply to those states that ratified it.[23] (See above Drafting and ratification requirements.)

List of Amendments to US Constitutions

The Bill of Rights (Amendments 1 to 10)

It is commonly understood that originally the Bill of Rights was not intended to apply to the states; however, there is no such limit in the text itself, except where an amendment refers specifically to the federal government. One example is the First Amendment, which says only that "Congress shall make no law...", and under which some states in the early years of the nation officially established a religion. A rule of inapplicability to the states remained until 1868, when the Fourteenth Amendment was passed, which stated, in part, that:

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to extend most, but not all, parts of the Bill of Rights to the states, a process known as incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The balance of state and federal power under the incorporation doctrine is still an open question and continues to be fought separately for each right in the federal courts.

The amendments that became the Bill of Rights were the last ten of the twelve amendments proposed in 1789. The second of the twelve proposed amendments, regarding the compensation of members of Congress, remained unratified until 1992, when the legislatures of enough states finally approved it; as a result, after pending for two centuries, it became the Twenty-seventh Amendment.

The first of the twelve, which is still technically pending before the state legislatures for ratification, pertains to the apportionment of the United States House of Representatives after each decennial census. The most recent state whose lawmakers are known to have ratified this proposal is Kentucky in 1792, during that commonwealth's first month of statehood.

Subsequent amendments (11 to 27)

Amendments to the Constitution after the Bill of Rights cover many subjects. The majority of the seventeen later amendments stem from continued efforts to expand individual civil or political liberties, while a few are concerned with modifying the basic governmental structure drafted in Philadelphia in 1787. Although the United States Constitution has been amended 27 times, only 26 of the amendments are currently in effect because the twenty-first amendment supersedes the eighteenth.

List of current United States Senators

State Class Name Party Prior Experience Education First took
office
Born
Alabama 3 Richard Shelby official portrait.JPG Richard Shelby Republican U.S. House, Alabama Senate University of Alabama (BA, JD) 1987 1934
Alabama 2 Jeff Sessions official portrait.jpg Jeff Sessions Republican Alabama Attorney General Huntingdon College (B.A.), University of Alabama (J.D.) 1997 1946
Alaska 3 Lisa Murkowski.jpg Lisa Murkowski Republican Alaska House of Representatives Georgetown University (B.A.), Willamette University (J.D.) 2002 1957
Alaska 2 Mark Begich, official Senate photo portrait, 2009.jpg Mark Begich Democratic Mayor of Anchorage University of Alaska Anchorage (attended) 2009 1962
Arizona 3 John McCain official portrait 2009.jpg John McCain Republican U.S. House, U.S. Navy Captain United States Naval Academy[1] 1987 1936
Arizona 1 Jon Kyl, official 109th Congress photo.jpg Jon Kyl Republican U.S. House University of Arizona (BA, JD) 1995 1942
Arkansas 2 Mark Pryor, head and shoulders photo portrait with flag, 2006.jpg Mark Pryor Democratic Arkansas House of Representatives, Arkansas Attorney General University of Arkansas (BA, JD) 2003 1963
Arkansas 3 John Boozman, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg John Boozman Republican U.S. House University of Arkansas, Southern College of Optometry 2011 1950
California 1 Dianne Feinstein, official Senate photo.jpg Dianne Feinstein Democratic Mayor of San Francisco, San Francisco Board of Supervisors Stanford University (B.A.) 1992 1933
California 3 Barbara Boxer 2005.jpg Barbara Boxer Democratic U.S. House, Marin County Board of Supervisors Brooklyn College (B.A.) 1993 1940
Colorado 2 MarkUdall-Senate Portrait.jpg Mark Udall Democratic U.S. House, Colorado House of Representatives Williams College 2009 1950
Colorado 3 Michael Bennet Official Photo.jpg Michael Bennet Democratic Denver Public Schools Superintendent Wesleyan University (B.A.), Yale Law School 2009 1964
Connecticut 1 Joe Lieberman 2008.jpg Joe Lieberman Independent Democratic Connecticut Senate, Connecticut Attorney General Yale University (BA, LLB) 1989 1942
Connecticut 3 Richard Blumenthal Official Portrait.jpg Richard Blumenthal Democratic Connecticut Attorney General, Connecticut Senate, Connecticut House of Representatives Harvard College, Trinity College, Cambridge, Yale Law School 2011 1946
Delaware 1 Thomas Carper.jpg Tom Carper Democratic Governor, U.S. House, Delaware Treasurer, U.S. Navy Captain Ohio State University, University of Delaware 2001 1947
Delaware 2 Chris Coons, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg Chris Coons Democratic County Executive of New Castle County Amherst College (B.A.), Yale University (J.D., M.A.R) 2010 1963
Florida 1 Bill Nelson.jpg Bill Nelson Democratic U.S. House, State Treasurer Yale University (B.A.), University of Virginia (J.D.) 2001 1942
Florida 3 Marco Rubio, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg Marco Rubio Republican Florida House of Representatives University of Florida (B.A.), University of Miami (J.D.) 2011 1971
Georgia 2 Saxby Chambliss.jpg Saxby Chambliss Republican U.S. House University of Georgia (B.B.A.), University of Tennessee (J.D.) 2003 1943
Georgia 3 Johnny Isakson.jpg Johnny Isakson Republican Georgia House of Representatives, Georgia Senate, U.S. House University of Georgia (B.B.A.) 2005 1944
Hawaii 3 Daniel Inouye official portrait.jpg Daniel Inouye Democratic U.S. Army Captain, U.S. House University of Hawaii, George Washington University (B.A., J.D.) 1963 1924
Hawaii 1 Daniel Akaka official photo.jpg Daniel Akaka Democratic Director of the Hawaii Office of Economic Opportunity, Director of the Progressive Neighborhoods Program, U.S. House University of Hawaii (BA, M.Ed.) 1990 1924
Idaho 3 Mike Crapo Official Photo 110th Congress.jpg Mike Crapo Republican U.S. House, Idaho Senate Brigham Young University (B.A.), Harvard Law School 1999 1951
Idaho 2 Jim Risch official portrait.jpg Jim Risch Republican Governor of Idaho, Lieutenant Governor of Idaho, Idaho Senate, Ada County Prosecuting Attorney University of Idaho (B.S., J.D.) 2009 1943
Illinois 2 Richard Durbin official photo.jpg Dick Durbin Democratic U.S. House Georgetown University (BS, JD) 1997 1944
Illinois 3 Senator Mark Kirk official portrait crop.jpg Mark Kirk Republican U.S. House Cornell University, London School of Economics, Georgetown University Law Center 2010 1959
Indiana 1 Dick Lugar official photo 2010.JPG Richard Lugar Republican Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners, Mayor of Indianapolis Denison University, University of Oxford 1977 1932
Indiana 3 Dan Coats, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg Dan Coats Republican U.S. House,U.S. Senate, Class 3, U.S. Ambassador to Germany Wheaton College (B.A.), Indiana University-Indianapolis (J.D.) 2011 1943
Iowa 3 Sen Chuck Grassley official.jpg Chuck Grassley Republican U.S. House, Iowa House of Representatives University of Northern Iowa (BA, MA) 1981 1933
Iowa 2 Tom Harkin official portrait.jpg Tom Harkin Democratic U.S. House Iowa State University (B.A.), The Catholic University of America (J.D.) 1985 1939
Kansas 2 Pat Roberts official photo.jpg Pat Roberts Republican U.S. House Kansas State University (B.A.) 1997 1936
Kansas 3 Jerry Moran, official portrait, 112th Congress headshot.jpg Jerry Moran Republican U.S. House University of Kansas 2011 1954
Kentucky 2 Mitch McConnell official portrait 112th Congress.jpg Mitch McConnell Republican Jefferson County Executive University of Louisville (B.A.), University of Kentucky (J.D.) 1985 1942
Kentucky 3 Rand Paul official portrait with flag edit.jpg Rand Paul Republican Physician Duke University School of Medicine, Baylor University 2011 1963
Louisiana 2 Mary Landrieu Senate portrait.jpg Mary Landrieu Democratic Louisiana House of Representatives, Louisiana State Treasurer Louisiana State University 1997 1955
Louisiana 3 DVitterOfficial.jpg David Vitter Republican Louisiana House of Representatives, U.S. House Harvard University, Oxford University, Tulane University 2005 1961
Maine 1 Olympia Snowe official photo 2010 edit.jpg Olympia Snowe Republican U.S. House, Maine Senate, Maine House of Representatives, First Lady of Maine University of Maine (B.A.) 1995 1947
Maine 2 Sen Susan Collins official.jpg Susan Collins Republican Commissioner of the Maine Department of Professional and Financial Regulation St. Lawrence University (B.A.) 1997 1952
Maryland 3 Barbara Mikulski.jpg Barbara Mikulski Democratic U.S. House, Baltimore City Council Mount Saint Agnes College (B.A.), University of Maryland (M.S.W.) 1987 1936
Maryland 1 Ben Cardin, official Senate photo portrait.jpg Ben Cardin Democratic U.S. House, Maryland House of Delegates University of Pittsburgh (B.A.), University of Maryland (J.D.) 2007 1943
Massachusetts 2 John F. Kerry.jpg John Kerry Democratic Lieutenant Governor Yale University (B.A.), Boston College (J.D.) 1985 1943
Massachusetts 1 Sbrownofficial.jpg Scott Brown Republican Property Assessor of Wrentham, Massachusetts, Wrentham Board of Selectmen, Massachusetts Senate, Army National Guard Tufts University (B.A.), Boston College Law School 2010 1959
Michigan 2 Carl Levin official portrait.jpg Carl Levin Democratic Detroit City Council Swarthmore College, Harvard Law School 1979 1934
Michigan 1 Debbie Stabenow, official portrait.jpg Debbie Stabenow Democratic U.S. House, Michigan Senate, Michigan House of Representatives, Ingham County Board of Commissioners Michigan State University (BA, MSW) 2001 1950
Minnesota 1 Amy Klobuchar.jpg Amy Klobuchar Democratic-Farmer-Labor Hennepin County Attorney Yale University, University of Chicago 2007 1960
Minnesota 2 Al Franken Official Senate Portrait.jpg Al Franken Democratic-Farmer-Labor Comedian, actor, author, screenwriter, political commentator, and radio host Harvard University 2009 1951
Mississippi 2 CochranThad(R-MS).jpg Thad Cochran Republican U.S. House University of Mississippi (BA, JD) 1979 1937
Mississippi 1 SenatorRogerWicker(R-MS).jpg Roger Wicker Republican Mississippi State Senate, U.S. House University of Mississippi (BA, JD) 2007 1951
Missouri 1 Senator Claire McCaskill.jpg Claire McCaskill Democratic State Auditor, Missouri House of Representatives, Jackson County Prosecutor University of Missouri (BS, JD) 2007 1953
Missouri 3 Roy Blunt, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg Roy Blunt Republican U.S. House Southwest Baptist University, Southwest Missouri State University 2011 1950
Montana 2 Max S Baucus.jpg Max Baucus Democratic U.S. House Stanford University (BS, LLB) 1979 1941
Montana 1 Jon Tester, official 110th Congress photo.jpg Jon Tester Democratic Montana Senate President University of Great Falls 2007 1956
Nebraska 1 Ben Nelson official photo.jpg Ben Nelson Democratic Governor University of Nebraska (BA, MA, JD) 2001 1941
Nebraska 2 Mike Johanns official Senate photo.jpg Mike Johanns Republican Governor, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, Mayor of Lincoln Lancaster County Board Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, Creighton University 2009 1950
Nevada 3 Harry Reid official portrait 2009 crop.jpg Harry Reid Democratic U.S. House, Lieutenant Governor, Nevada Assembly Southern Utah University, Utah State University, George Washington University 1987 1939
Nevada 1 Dean Heller, Official Senate Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg Dean Heller Republican U.S. House, Nevada Secretary of State, Nevada Assembly University of Southern California 2011 1960
New Hampshire 2 Jeanne Shaheen, official Senate portrait cropped.jpg Jeanne Shaheen Democratic Governor, New Hampshire Senate Shippensburg University, University of Mississippi 2009 1947
New Hampshire 3 Kelly Ayotte, Official Portrait, 112th Congress 2.jpg Kelly Ayotte Republican New Hampshire Attorney General Pennsylvania State University, Villanova University School of Law 2011 1968
New Jersey 2 Frank Lautenberg, official portrait, 112th portrait crop.jpg Frank Lautenberg Democratic U.S. Army, executive commissioner of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, U.S. Senate, Class 1 Columbia University 2003 1924
New Jersey 1 Robert Menendez, official Senate photo.jpg Bob Menendez Democratic U.S. House, New Jersey Senate, New Jersey General Assembly, Mayor of Union City Saint Peter's College, Rutgers University 2006 1954
New Mexico 1 Official Photo of Senator Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) 2008.jpg Jeff Bingaman Democratic New Mexico Attorney General Harvard University, Stanford University 1983 1943
New Mexico 2 Tom Udall portrait.jpg Tom Udall Democratic U.S. House, New Mexico Attorney General Prescott College, Cambridge University (J.D.), University of New Mexico School of Law 2009 1948
New York 3 Charles Schumer official portrait.jpg Chuck Schumer Democratic U.S. House, New York State Assembly Harvard University (BA, JD) 1999 1950
New York 1 Kirsten Gillibrand, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg Kirsten Gillibrand Democratic U.S. House Dartmouth College, University of California, Los Angeles 2009 1966
North Carolina 3 Richard Burr official portrait crop.jpg Richard Burr Republican U.S. House Wake Forest University 2005 1955
North Carolina 2 Kay Hagan official photo.jpg Kay Hagan Democratic North Carolina Senate Florida State University, Wake Forest University 2009 1953
North Dakota 1 Kent Conrad official portrait.jpg Kent Conrad Democratic-NPL North Dakota State Tax Commissioner Stanford University, George Washington University 1987 1948
North Dakota 3 John Hoeven, Official Senate Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg John Hoeven Republican Governor of North Dakota Dartmouth College, Northwestern University 2011 1957
Ohio 1 Sherrod Brown official photo 2009 2.jpg Sherrod Brown Democratic U.S. House, Ohio Secretary of State Yale University, Ohio State University 2007 1952
Ohio 3 Rob Portman, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg Rob Portman Republican U.S. House, United States Trade Representative, Director of the Office of Management and Budget Dartmouth College, University of Michigan Law School 2011 1955
Oklahoma 2 Jim Inhofe, official photo portrait, 2007.jpg Jim Inhofe Republican U.S. House, Oklahoma Senate, Oklahoma House of Representatives, Mayor of Tulsa University of Tulsa 1995 1934
Oklahoma 3 Tom Coburn official portrait 112th Congress.jpg Tom Coburn Republican U.S. House, Physician Oklahoma State University, University of Oklahoma 2005 1948
Oregon 3 Ron Wyden official portrait crop.jpg Ron Wyden Democratic U.S. House Stanford University, University of Oregon 1996 1949
Oregon 2 Jeff Merkley.jpg Jeff Merkley Democratic Oregon House Speaker Stanford University (B.A.), Princeton University (M.P.P.) 2009 1956
Pennsylvania 1 Senator Bob Casey official photo 2010.jpg Bob Casey, Jr. Democratic Pennsylvania Treasurer, Pennsylvania Auditor General College of the Holy Cross, The Catholic University of America 2007 1960
Pennsylvania 3 Pat Toomey, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg Pat Toomey Republican U.S. House Harvard University 2011 1961
Rhode Island 2 Jack Reed, official photo portrait, 2008.jpg Jack Reed Democratic U.S. House, Rhode Island Senate United States Military Academy, Harvard University 1997 1949
Rhode Island 1 Sheldon Whitehouse 2010.jpg Sheldon Whitehouse Democratic Rhode Island Attorney General Yale University, University of Virginia 2007 1955
South Carolina 2 Lindsey Graham, Official Portrait 2006.jpg Lindsey Graham Republican U.S. House University of South Carolina (BA, JD) 2003 1955
South Carolina 3 Jim DeMint headshot.jpg Jim DeMint Republican U.S. House University of Tennessee, Clemson University 2005 1951
South Dakota 2 Tim Johnson official portrait, 2009.jpg Tim Johnson Democratic U.S. House University of South Dakota (BA, MPA, JD) 1997 1946
South Dakota 3 John Thune, official portrait, 111th Congress.jpg John Thune Republican U.S. House Biola University, University of South Dakota 2005 1961
Tennessee 2 LamarAlexander.jpg Lamar Alexander Republican Governor, U.S. Secretary of Education Vanderbilt University, New York University 2003 1940
Tennessee 1 Bobcorker.jpg Bob Corker Republican Mayor of Chattanooga University of Tennessee 2007 1952
Texas 1 Kay Bailey Hutchison, official photo 2.jpg Kay Bailey Hutchison Republican Texas State Treasurer University of Texas (BA, JD) 1993 1943
Texas 2 John Cornyn official portrait, 2009 crop.jpg John Cornyn Republican Texas Attorney General Trinity University, St. Mary's University School of Law, University of Virginia 2003 1952
Utah 1 Orrin Hatch, official 110th Congress photo.jpg Orrin Hatch Republican Attorney Brigham Young University, University of Pittsburgh 1977 1934
Utah 3 Mike Lee official portrait 112th Congress.jpg Mike Lee Republican Attorney Brigham Young University 2011 1971
Vermont 3 Leahy2009.jpg Patrick Leahy Democratic Chittenden County State's Attorney Saint Michael's College, Georgetown University 1975 1940
Vermont 1 Bernie Sanders.jpg Bernie Sanders Independent U.S. House, Mayor of Burlington Brooklyn College, University of Chicago 2007 1941
Virginia 1 Jim Webb, leaning against pillar, 2007.jpg Jim Webb Democratic U.S. Secretary of the Navy United States Naval Academy, University of Southern California, Georgetown University 2007 1946
Virginia 2 Mark Warner, official 111th Congress photo portrait.jpg Mark Warner Democratic Governor George Washington University, Harvard University 2009 1954
Washington 3 Patty Murray official portrait.jpg Patty Murray Democratic Washington Senate Washington State University 1993 1950
Washington 1 Maria Cantwell, official portrait, 110th Congress.jpg Maria Cantwell Democratic U.S. House, Washington House of Representatives Miami University 2001 1958
West Virginia 2 Jay Rockefeller official photo.jpg Jay Rockefeller Democratic Governor, West Virginia Secretary of State, West Virginia House of Delegates Harvard University 1985 1937
West Virginia 1 Joe Manchin, Official Senate Portrait.jpg Joe Manchin Democratic Governor, West Virginia Secretary of State West Virginia University 2010 1947
Wisconsin 1 Herbert Kohl, official photo.jpg Herb Kohl Democratic Businessman, Wisconsin Democratic Party chairman University of Wisconsin–Madison, Harvard Law School 1989 1935
Wisconsin 3 Ron Johnson, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg Ron Johnson Republican Businessman University of Minnesota 2011 1955
Wyoming 2 Mike Enzi official portrait new.jpg Mike Enzi Republican Wyoming Senate, Wyoming House of Representatives, Mayor of Gillette George Washington University, University of Denver 1997 1944
Wyoming 1 Sen. John Barrasso Official Portrait 7.17.07.jpg John Barrasso Republican Wyoming Senate Georgetown University (BS, MD) 2007 1952