Top 15 Java Multithreading, Concurrency Interview Questions Answers asked in Investment banks

Thread interview questions Java

Multi-threading and concurrency questions are essential part of any Java interview. If you are going for any Java interview on any Investment bank for equities front office position expect lots of muti-threading interview questions on your way. Multi-threading and concurrency is a favorite topics on Investment banking specially on electronic trading development and they grill candidate on many confusing java thread interview questions. They just want to ensure that the guy has solid knowledge of multi-threading and concurrent programming in Java because most of them are in business of performance. High volume and low latency Electronic trading System which is used for Direct to Market (DMA) trading is usually concurrent in nature. These are my favorite thread interview questions on Java asked on different on different time. I am not providing answer of these thread interview questions but I will give you hint whenever possible, some time hint is enough to answer. I will update the post further with detailed answers just like I did for 10 Singleton interview questions in Java recently. With introduction of concurrency package in Java 5 questions on concurrent utility and concurrent collections are on rise as well. ThreadLocal, BlockingQueue, Counting Semaphore and ConcurrentHashMapare popular among those.

15 Java Thread Interview Questions and answers

1) You have thread T1, T2 and T3, how will you ensure that thread T2 run after T1 and thread T3 run after T2?

This thread interview questions is mostly asked in first round or phone screening round of interview and purpose of this multi-threading question is to check whether candidate is familiar with concept of "join" method or not. Answer of this multi-threading questions is simple it can be achieved by using join method of Thread class.

2) What is the advantage of new Lock interface over synchronized block in Java? You need to implement a high performance cache which allows multiple reader but single writer to keep the integrity how will you implement it?

The major advantage of lock interfaces on multi-threaded and concurrent programming is they provide two separate lock for reading and writing which enables you to write high performance data structure like ConcurrentHashMap andconditional blocking. This java threads interview question is getting increasingly popular and more and more follow-up questions come based upon answer of interviewee. I would strongly suggest reading Locks before appearing for anyjava multi-threading interview because now days Its heavily used to build cache for electronic trading system on client and exchange connectivity space.

3) What are differences between wait and sleep method in java?

Another frequently asked thread interview question in Java mostly appear in phone interview. Only major difference is wait release the lock or monitor while sleep doesn't release any lock or monitor while waiting. Wait is used for inter-thread communication while sleep is used to introduce pause on execution. See my post wait vs sleep in Java for more differences

4) Write code to implement blocking queue in Java?

This is relatively tough java multi-threading interview question which servers many purpose, it checks whether candidate can actually write Java code using thread or not, it sees how good candidate is on understanding concurrent scenarios and you can ask lot of follow-up question based upon his code. If he uses wait() and notify() method to implement blocking queue, Once interviewee successfully writes it you can ask him to write it again using new java 5 concurrent classes etc.

5) Write code to solve the Produce consumer problem in Java?

Similar to above questions on thread but more classic in nature, some time interviewer ask follow up questions How do you solve producer consumer problem in Java, well it can be solved in multiple way, I have shared one way to solveproducer consumer problem using BlockingQueue in Java , so be prepare for surprises. Some time they even ask to implement solution of dining philosopher problem as well.

6) Write a program which will result in deadlock? How will you fix deadlock in Java?

Java thread interview questions and answers

This is my favorite java thread interview question because even though deadlock is quite common while writing multi-threaded concurrent program many candidates not able to write deadlock free code and they simply struggle. Just ask them you have n resources and n thread and to complete an operation you require all resources. Here n can be replace with 2 for simplest case and higher number to make question more intimidating. see How to avoid deadlock in java for more information on deadlock in Java.

7) What is atomic operation? What are atomic operations in Java?

Simple java thread interview questions, another follow-up is do you need to synchronized an atomic operation? :) You can read more about java synchronization here.

8) What is volatile keyword in Java? How to use it? How is it different from synchronized method in Java?

Thread questions based on volatile keyword in Java has become more popular after changes made on it on Java 5 and Java memory model. It’s good to prepare well about how volatile variables ensures visibility, ordering and consistency in concurrent environment.

9) What is race condition? How will you find and solve race condition?

Another multi-threading question in Java which appear mostly on senior level interviews. Most interviewer grill on recent race condition you have faced and how did you solve it and some time they will write sample code and ask you detect race condition. See my post on Race condition in Java for more information. In my opinion this is one of the best java thread interview question and can really test the candidate's experience on solving race condition or writing code which is free of data race or any other race condition. Best book to get mastery of this topic is "Concurrency practices in Java'".

10) How will you take thread dump in Java? How will you analyze Thread dump?

In UNIX you can use kill -3 and then thread dump will print on log on windows you can use "CTRL+Break". Rather simple and focus thread interview question but can get tricky if he ask how you analyze it. Thread dump can be useful to analyze deadlock situations as well.

11) Why we call start() method which in turns calls run() method, why not we directly call run() method ?

Another classic java multi-threading interview question This was my original doubt when I started programming in thread. Now days mostly asked in phone interview or first round of interview at mid and junior level java interviews. Answer to this question is that, when you call start() method it creates new Thread and execute code declared in run() while directly calling run() method doesn’t create any new thread and execute code on same calling thread. Read my post Difference between start and run method in Thread for more details.

12) How will you awake a blocked thread in java?

This is tricky question on threading, blocking can result on many ways, if thread is blocked on IO then I don't think there is a way to interrupt the thread, let me know if there is any, on the other hand if thread is blocked due to result of callingwait(), sleep() or join() method you can interrupt the thread and it will awake by throwingInterruptedException. See my post How to deal with blocking methods in Java for more information on handling blocked thread.

13) What is difference between CyclicBarriar and CountdownLatch in Java ?

New java thread interview questions mostly to check familiarity with JDK 5 concurrent packages. One difference is that you can reuse CyclicBarrier once barrier is broken but you can not reuse ContdownLatch.

14) What is immutable object? How does it help on writing concurrent application?

Another classic interview questions on multi-threading, not directly related to thread but indirectly helps a lot. This java interview question can become more tricky if ask you to write an immutable class or ask you Why String is immutable in Java as follow-up.

15) What are some common problems you have faced in multi-threading environment? How did you resolve it?

Memory-interference, race conditions, deadlock, live lock and starvation are example of some problems comes in multi-threading and concurrent programming. There is no end of problem if you get it wrong and they will be hard to detect and debug. This is mostly experienced based interview question on java thread instead of fact based.

These were my favorite Java thread interview questions and mostly asked on Investment banks. This list is by no means complete so please contribute some of interesting java thread questions you have faced during interview. Purpose of this article is to collect and share great interview questions on multi-threading concept which not only helps on interview but opens door for learning new threading concept.

Update:

One of Javarevisited reader, Hemant has contributed some more thread interview questions in Java, though he hasn’t provide answer and left that job for me, I will certainly do when time allows, just like I have recently updated 10 Singleton interview question in Java with answers. If you guys know answers of this java concurrency questions than please post as comment:

Here is his comment “Good questions on multi-threading though you may need to prepare more in order to clear any multi-threading interview, you need to be familiar with concept of immutability, thread-safety, race condition and many more. 10 or 15 question is good for quick recap but you at-least need to prepare more than 50 questions on threading and concurrency to perform better on Java interview. You can find some interesting thread question below which is no doubt highly popular –

1) Difference between green thread and native thread in Java?

2) Difference between thread and process?

3) What is context switching in multi-threading?

4) Difference between deadlock and livelock, deadlock and starvation?

5) What thread-scheduling algorithm is used in Java?

6) What is thread-scheduler in Java?

7) How do you handle un-handled exception in thread?

8) What is thread-group, why its advised not to use thread-group in Java?

9) Why Executor framework is better than creating and managing thread by application ?

10) Difference between Executor and Executors in Java?

10) How to find which thread is taking maximum cpu in windows and Linux server?

Apart from practicing these question answers, more important is to understand the concept behind these multi-threading questions simply mugging the answers of these thread interview questions is not going to help because there would be a lot of follow-ups based upon your answer and if you haven't master the particular thread topic it would be difficult to answer them.

Difference between Runnable and Thread in Java

Why wait and notify needs to be called from synchronized method?

invokeAndWait vs invokeLater in Java Swing

Why you should not mix static and non static synchronized method in Java

How to stop Thread in Java